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Fairness: Its Role in Our Lives |
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Fairness is a central motivating force in our private and public lives. It is deeply enmeshed with questions about who gets what and how it is distributed, with how we feel about the ways in which power, resources, access, even attention are divided. When allocation and distribution lead to indignation, the results can be explosive: witness the civil rights movement in the United States or, earlier, the Revolutionary War; the overthrow of apartheid in South Africa; the experiment of the Soviet Union. Current examples abound, from the struggle for a Palestinian state to questions of how to handle taxation, health insurance, and social security in the United States. Equality, justice, and social change all have their roots in our perceptions of fairness, and the very ability to perceive fairness is itself rooted in the behavior of our animal ancestors. It arises early in childhood, when it is echoed in the familiar cry of “That’s not fair.” Fairness, in fact, is a leitmotif of all social life. It is there within the family, in the workplace, in friendship, in government policies—in every aspect of our lives. Getting closer to the kinds of things we consider fair and why seems of particular importance now, when more and more people in this country feel they are being treated unfairly. We not only expect that a democratic government be just but also that it be fair. If it is perceived as not being so, it is essential to find out why and try to figure out what do about it.
The papers in this issue were first presented at the fourteenth conference in the Social Research series, which took place on April 14-15, 2006, at the New School. At the conference and in this subsequent issue, scientists, policymakers, historians, philosophers, and economists explore research on perceptions of fairness and consider historical case studies in the context of what we have learned about the psychology of Arien Mack |
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Nicholas Humphrey is School Professor of Psychology at the Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics. He works on issues addressing Darwinian approaches to illness, and in particular on the evolutionary background of the placebo effect. He is the author of many books, most recently, The Mind Made Flesh: Essays from the Frontiers of Evolution and Psychology, (Oxford University Press, 2003); How to Solve the Mind-Body Problem, (Imprint Academic, 2000); and A History of the Mind: Evolution and the Birth of Consciousness, (Copernicus Books, 1999).
Back To Top Fairness and Norms Jon Elster Jon Elster is the Robert K. Merton Professor of Social Sciences at Columbia University. His books include: Political Psychology (Cambridge University Press, 1993); Local Justice (Russell Sage Foundation, 1992); Nuts and Bolts of Social Science (Cambridge University Press, 1989); and Solomonic Judgements (Cambridge University Press, 1989). His research interests include the theory of rational choice, the theory of distributive justice and the history of social thought. Currently, he is working on constitutional theory related to the ongoing changes in Eastern Europe. Moral Sense and Material Interests Herbert Ginitis Herbert Gintis is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Massachusetts, a member of the Santa Fe Institute external faculty and visiting Professor at Central European University and the University of Siena. He is very widely published. His most recent books are: Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: On the Foundation of Cooperation in Economic Life (co-authored with Samuel Bowles, Robert Boyd and Ernst Fehr, MIT Press 2004); Foundations of Human Sociality: Ethnography and Experiments in Fifteen Small-Scale Societies (co-authored with Joe Henrich, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Cramerer and Ernst Fehr, Oxford University Press, 2004). In 2000, Dr. Gintis won the Museum of Education Books of the Century award for Schooling in Capitalist America. The Experimental Study of Social Preferences Matthew Rabin Matthew Rabin is Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. His current research topics are models of self-control, fairness in economics, bounded rationality and self-deception. He is a contributing co-author with Ted O onoghue of Self Awareness and Self Control, to appear as a chapter of Roy Baumeister, George Loewenstein, and Daniel Read (eds) Now or Later: Economic and Psychological Perspectives on Intertemporal Choice (Russell Sage Foundation Press, forthcoming); Risky Behavior Among Youths: Some Issues from Behavioral Economics (co-author with Ted O onoghue), in Jon Gruber, editor, Youthful Risky Behavior: An Economic Perspective, (University of Chicago Press, 2000); and Addiction and Self-Control (with Ted O onoghue), in Addition: Entries and Exits, Jon Elster, editor, Russell Sage Foundation, 1999. A Tax System that Embraces Fairness and Equality John Edwards John Edwards, 2004 Vice Presidential candidate, was formerly U.S. Senator from North Carolina. He is the Director of the new Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Unfair by Design: The War on Drugs, Race, and the Legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System Lawrence D. Bobo and Victor Thompson Lawrence Bobo is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity at Stanford University. He is the author of many books including: Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities (co-author with Alice O'Connor, Russell Sage Foundation, 2001); Racialized Politics: The Debate on Racism in America (co-author with David Pears, University of Chicago Press, 2000);and Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles (editor, Russell Sage Foundation, 2000). When Do People Not Protest Unfairness? The Case of Skin Color Discrimination Jennifer Hochschild Jennifer Hochschild is a member of the Government Department at Harvard University and has a joint appointment in the Department of Afro-American Studies. She also has lectureships in the Kennedy School of Government and the Graduate School of Education. Professor Hochschild studies the intersection of American politics and political philosophy -- particularly in the areas of race, ethnicity, and immigration -- and educational policy. She also works on issues in public opinion and political culture. She is the author of The American Dream and the Public Schools (Oxford University Press, 2003); Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton University Press, 1995); The New American Dilemma: Liberal Democracy and School Desegregation (Yale University Press, 1984); and What's Fair: American Beliefs about Distributive Justice (Harvard University Press, 1981). Fairness, Equality, and Democracy: Three Big Words Sidney Verba Sidney Verba is Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor at the J.F.Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He is the author and co-author of a number of books on American and comparative politics, including The Private Roots of Public Action (co-author with Nancy Burns, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Harvard University Press, 2001); Voice and Equality (co-author with Kay Lehman Schlozman, Henry E. Brady, Harvard University Press, 1995); and Designing Social Inquiry (co-author with Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, Princeton University Press, 1994). He won the Kammerer Prize of the American Political Science Association for the best book on American politics for Participation in America (Harper and Row,1972), and in 1976 his book, The Changing American Voter, won the Woodrow Wilson Prize for the best book in political science. When is Affirmative Action Fair? On Grievous Harms and Public Remedies Ira Katznelson Ira Katznelson has been Ruggles Professor of Political Science and History at Columbia University since 1994. His books include Political Science: The State of Discipline (W. W. Norton & Co Inc, 2004); Shaped by War and Trade: International Influences on American Political Development (co-authored with Martin Shefter, Princeton University Press, 2002); Schooling for All: Race, Class, and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal (co-authored with Margaret Weir; Basic Books, 1985); City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (University of Chicago, 1981). He is the winner of the American Political Science Association's Michael Harrington Prize and Columbia's Lionel Trilling Award. He is completing a book on the New Deal, the South, and the shaping of postwar liberalism in the United States. Introduction: Reasoning About Fairness and Unfairness in Law, Philosophy, and Political Theory Richard J. Bernstein Richard Bernstein is Vera List Professor of Philosophy at the New School University. His research focuses on American pragmatism, social and political philosophy, critical theory and Anglo-American philosophy. He is the author of many books, including: Radical Evil: A Philosophic Interrogation, (Polity, 2002); Freud and the Legacy of Moses, (Cambridge University Press, 1998); Hannah Arendt and the Jewish Question, (The MIT Press, 1996). Family Fairness Edna Ullmann-Margalit Edna Ullmann-Margalit is Professor of Philosophy in the School of Education at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is currently a Fellow at the Russell Sage Foundation. Her research interests include practical reasoning, philosophy of action, social choice theories, rationality and behavioral economics and the law. She is editor of Reasoning Practically (Oxford University Press, 1999); co-editor of Isaish Berlin: A Celebration (with Avishai Margalit, Univesity of Chicago Press, 1991); editor of Science in Reflection: The Israel Colloquium: Studies in History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science (Kluwer Academic Publication, 1988) and author of The Emergence of Norms (Oxford University Press, 1977). Fairness and Philosophy Alan Ryan Alan Ryan is Warden of the New College, Oxford University and a member of the British Academy since 1986. He is the author of many articles and books. His books include Liberal Anxieties and Liberal Education (Hill and Wang, 1998); John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism (W. W. Norton & Company, 1997); and Russell: A Political Life (Hill and Wang, 1995). He was the editor of the Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Mill: A Critical Edition (W. W. Norton & Company, 1997); Karl Marx (Harper, 1995) and Democracy in America (Everyman Library, 1994). Notes on the Poltical Philosophy of Redistribution Ian Shapiro Ian Shapiro is William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor and Chairman of the Political Science Department and was previously Director of the Program of Ethics, Politics, and Economics at Yale University. His research interests include the methodologies of the social sciences, theories of justice and democracy, the relations between democracy and the distribution of income and wealth, and the prospects for sustainable democracy in the post-communist world and sub-Saharan Africa. Professor Shapiro is author of The State of Democratic Theory (Princeton University Press, 2004); The Moral Foundations of Politics (Yale Press, 2003); and The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1986). Two Conceptions of Procedural Fairness Cass R. Sunstein Cass R. Sunstein is Karl N. Llewellyn Dist. Service Professor of Jurisprudence, in the Law School, with an appointment in the Department of Political Science at the University of Chicago. He is author of many articles and books, including The Second Bill of Rights: FDR'S Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More than Ever (Basic Books, 2004); Why Societies Need Dissent (Oliver Wendell Holmes Lectures) (Harvard University Press, 2003); and The Cost-Benefit State (American Bar Association, 2002). Fairness in Sovereign Debt Christian Barry and Lydia Tomitova Christian Barry is Editor of Ethics & International Affairs. He formerly directed the program on Justice and the World Economy at the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, and has served as a consultant and contributing author to several of the United Nations Development Program's Human Development Reports. His recent publications include "Understanding and Evaluating the Contribution Principle," "Redistribution," and (with Thomas Pogge, eds.) Global Institutions and Responsibilities: Achieving Global Justice (Blackwell). Equity and Choice in Public Services Julian Le Grand Julian Le Grand currently holds the following titles: Richard Titmuss Professor of Social Policy at the London School of Economics; Chair of the London School of Economics Health and Social Care; Honorary Fellow of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine; Founding Academician of the Academy of learned Societies for the Social Sciences and a Senior Associate of the King Fund. He is the author, co-author or editor of twelve books and over ninety articles and book chapters on health and social policy. His books include Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy: Of Knights and Knaves, Pawns and Queens (Oxford University Press, 2003); Quasi-Markets and Social Policy (co-author with Will Bartlett, Palgrave, 1993); Equity and Choice: An Essay in Economics and Applied Philosophy (Routledge, 1992); and The Strategy of Equality (Unwin Hyman, 1982). The Impact of Inequality Richard G. Wilkinson Richard Wilkinson is Professor of Social Epidemiology at The University of Nottingham, UK. His research interests include social determinants of health, psychosocial influences on population health, health inequalities, income inequalities and population health. He is the author of many books and articles. Among his recent books are: Mind the Gap: Hierarchy, Health and Human Evolution (Yale University Press, 2001); Social Determinants of Health (co-author with M.G. Marmot, Oxford University Press, 1999); and Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality (Routledge, 1997). |
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